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PREFACE
TCVN 7336:2021 replaces the TCVN 7336:2003
TCVN 7336:2021 is developed on the basis of the Code of practices SP 5.13130.2009 of the Russian Federation
TCVN 7336:2021 is composed by the Central Department of Fire safety, Firefighting, and Rescue, proposed by Ministry of Public Security, appraised by the Directorate for Standards, Metrology, and Quality, and publicized by Ministry of Science and Technology.
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1.1 These standards prescribe requirements for designing and installing water, foam automatic fire-extinguishing systems in buildings and structures.
1.2 These standards shall not be adopted for designing water, foam automatic fire-extinguishing systems in:
- Buildings and structures designed in accordance with special regulations;
- Technology equipment located outdoors;
- Warehouses equipped with mobile construction brackets.
1.3 These standards shall not be adopted for designing water, foam fire-extinguishing systems for extinguishing fires of metals or chemically active substances and materials, including those:
- Reacting with fire extinguishing agents causing explosion (organoaluminum, alkali materials, etc.);
- Decomposing in case of contact with fire extinguishing agents, causing emission of combustible gases (lead azide, aluminum hydrates, zinc, magnesium);
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- Igniting by themselves upon contact with water (sodium hydrosulphite, etc.).
Reference documents below are necessary for adoption of these Standards. Regarding reference documents stated with year of publication, apply the stated version. Regarding reference documents not stated with year of publication, apply the latest version including amendments thereto (if any).
TCVN 6305-1: Fire protection - Automatic Sprinkler system - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for sprinklers
These Standards apply following terms and interpretation:
3.1
Automatic extinguishing
Means automatic activation of fire-extinguishing equipment without human participation.
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Automatic extinguishing system
Means a fire extinguishing system which is automatically activated when fire factors exceed the threshold in the protected zone (hereinafter referred to as “AES”).
3.3
Automatic water feeder
Means a water feeder that automatically maintain in pipeline the pressure needed for activation of control units.
3.4
Accelerator
Means a device assuring acceleration of air discharge in pipeline by compressed air in standby state in case of sprinkler activation.
3.5
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Means a pipeline branching from the feeding pipeline
3.6
Water-filled pipeline
Means a pipeline whose pressure is maintained by water.
NOTE: The design aims to allow operation in temperature above 0 degree Celsius.
3.7
Air-filled pipeline
Means a pipeline whose pressure is maintained by compressed air.
3.8
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Means a device assuring operation of AES with design water flow and pressure of water and (or) water solution set forth in the technical documentation throughout the established time.
3.9
Auxiliary water feeder
Means a water feeder automatically maintaining pressure in pipelines needed for activation of control units, as well as maintaining design flow and pressure of water and (or) water solutions until the moment of activation of the operating mode of the main water feeder.
3.10
Standby mode of automatic extinguishing system
Means the state of readiness of the AES.
3.11
Dictating irrigator
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3.12
Remote activation of the system
Means a manual activation by activating equipment situated in or close to a protected area or in a control station.
3.13
Metering unit
Means a device designed to mix foaming agent with water in a proportion.
3.14
Irrigator
Means a device designed to spray water and/or fire extinguishing agent to extinguish or slow down the fire.
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Sprinkler irrigator
Means an irrigator designed to activate at a predetermined temperature.
3.16
Drencher irrigator
Means an irrigator with open outlet.
3.17
Minimum irrigation area
Means a standard (for sprinkler AES) or rated (for drencher AES) area, where standard irrigation intensity and design flow rate of fire extinguishing agent are assured.
3.18
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Means the time starting from the moment where fire factors reach the working threshold of a fire detector or an irrigator or a fire alarm to the moment where fire extinguishing agent is sprayed in the protected area.
NOTE: For fire extinguishing system that requires a delay prior to the release of fire extinguishing agent to allow human evacuation from protected area and equipment operation, this delay is included in the response time of the system.
3.19
Intensity of extinguishing agent supply
Means the amount of fire extinguishing agent sprayed in a fire per a unit of area (volume) per a unit of time.
3.20
Retard chamber
Means a device fitted on the alarm valve to minimize the possibility of a false alarm when the alarm valve is opened as a result of the sudden change in pressure of water supply source.
3.21
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Means actuation of the system done by equipment installed at the fire pump station.
3.22
Fire pump station
Means a combination of equipment including fire pumps, pressure compensated pumps, and other accessories connected to each other to create a water supply system for extinguishing fire.
3.23
Shut-off device
Means a device for feeding, regulating, and shutting off the flow of fire extinguishing agent.
3.24
Operating mode of an automatic extinguishing system
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3.25
Distribution pipeline
Means a pipeline where irrigators are fitted.
3.26
Reserve of extinguishing agent
Means the reserved amount of extinguishing agent necessary and ready for immediate use in case of fire or when extinguishing agent in the main supply cannot be accessed.
3.27
Section of extinguishing system
Means a part of the fire extinguishing system created by the feeding pipeline, branch of distribution pipeline, control unit, and technical equipment which supplies the protected area with fire extinguishing agent.
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Pressure switch
Means a device converting pressure signal to logic command.
3.29
Flow switch
Means a device converting flow rate of a pipeline to logic command.
3.30
Alarm valve
Means a valve which is usually closed and designed to send alarm signal and allow extinguishing agent to pass once irrigators are activated.
3.31 Specific flow rate of water curtain
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3.32
Control unit
Means a combination of technical means of water and foam AES (pipelines, valves, shut-off and warning devices, accelerators, retarders, devices reducing probability of false activations, measuring instruments and other devices) that are located between the distribution and the feeding pipelines for monitoring of the performance of these devices in the course of operation, as well as for delivery of fire extinguishing agent, signaling for operation of elements of automatic fire-fighting systems (fire pumps, alarm system, ventilation, process equipment, and others).
3.33
Air compensator
Means a device for compensating for the air leaked along the feeding pipeline, and air-filled distribution pipeline to minimize the possibility of false alarm of the alarm valve.
4.1 Water, foam AES must be able to perform fire warning task in addition to fire extinguishing task.
4.2 Type of AES, fire extinguishing method, and type of fire extinguishing agent must take into account fire risk and physical, chemical properties of fire fuels and characteristics of protected entities
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4.4 AES must be actuated by equipment control signals in the protected area according to technological demands or these standards before releasing fire extinguishing agent.
5 Water, foam Sprinkler and Drencher AES
5.1.1 Water, foam AES must be able to extinguish the fire or prevent fire spread.
5.1.2 Water, foam AES shall be divided into Sprinkler system, Drencher system, and Sprinkler-Drencher system.
5.1.3 Parameters of water, foam AES under Article 5.1.2 (minimum supply intensity, minimum flow rate, minimum calculated area, minimum supply duration, and maximum distance between irrigators) are elaborated under Schedules 1, 2, and 3 and fire risk groups are specified under Appendix A.
Schedule 1. Parameters of water, foam AES
Fire risk group
Minimum supply intensity (l/s.m2)
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Minimum calculated area(1) (m2)
Minimum supply duration
Maximum distance between irrigators(1) (m)
Water
Foaming solution
Water
Foaming solution
1
0,08
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10
-
60
30
4
2
0,12
0,08
30
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120
60
4
3
0,24
0,12
60
30
120
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4
4.1
0,3
0,15
110
55
180
60
4
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0,17
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65
180
60
3
5
See Schedule 2
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60
3
6
See Schedule 2
90
60
3
7
See Schedule 2
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(10-25)(2)
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NOTE 1: (1) Applies to Sprinkler AES and Sprinkler-Drencher AES; (2) Supply duration of low and medium expansion: 25 min - for rooms of fire risk group 7; 15 min - for rooms of fire risk categories A, B, and C1; 10 min - for rooms of fire risk categories C2 and C3.
NOTE 2: Fire risk groups are elaborated under Appendix A.
NOTE 3: For fire extinguishing systems utilizing water mixed with additives (adhering to technical parameters and requirements of manufacturers) in order to increase permeability on the basis of mixing with foaming agent, supply intensity and flow rate can be reduced by 1.5 times compared to those when utilizing water only.
NOTE 4: For Sprinkler system, the supply intensity and flow rate of water or foaming solution shall apply to rooms lower than 10 m in height and rooms with skylight whose area does not exceed 10% of roof area. If skylight of a room exceeds 10% of the roof area, the height of the room shall extend to the canopies. Parameters applying to rooms whose height ranges from 10 to 20 m shall conform to Schedules 2 and 3.
NOTE 5: If actually protected area (Stt) is lower than the calculated minimum area (S) under Schedule 1, actual flow rate can be reduced following K = Stt / S
NOTE 6: In order to calculate flow rate of Drencher system, identify number of irrigators in protected area and calculate in accordance with Appendix B (with irrigation intensity under Schedules 1, 2, and 3 corresponding to fire risk groups under Appendix A).
NOTE 7: This Schedule specifies irrigation intensity of regular foaming solution.
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NOTE 9: Distance between irrigators below pitched roofs or ceilings shall be determined by their projections on a horizontal plane.
Schedule 2. Irrigation intensity and flow rate of water, foam AES of rooms in warehouses under fire risk groups 5, 6, and 7
Stacking height of materials and goods (m)
Fire risk groups
5
6
7
With water
With foaming solution
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With foaming solution
With water
With foaming solution
Minimum irrigation intensity (according to Schedule 1) (l/s.m2)
Up to 1
0,08
0,04
0,16
0,08
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0,1
Exceeding 1 to 2
0,16
0,08
0,32
0,2
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0,2
Exceeding 2 to 3
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0,12
0,40
0,24
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0,3
Exceeding 3 to 4
0,32
0,16
0,40
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0,4
Exceeding 4 to 5,5
0,4
0,32
0,50
0,40
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0,4
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Up to 1
15
7,5
30
15
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18
Exceeding 1 to 2
30
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60
36
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36
Exceeding 2 to 3
45
22,5
75
45
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54
Exceeding 3 to 4
60
30
75
60
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75
Exceeding 4 to 5,5
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37,5
90
75
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75
NOTE 1: Fire risk group is elaborated under Appendix A.
NOTE: In fire risk group 6, when extinguishing fire of rubber, rubber and plastic materials, use water mixed with additives to improve permeability or low expansion foam.
NOTE 3: For warehouses where materials and goods are stacked up to 5,5 m and the room is taller than 10m, flow rate and intensity of water and foaming solution in fire risk groups 5, 6, and 7 must be increased by 10% for every extra 2 m in room’s height.
NOTE 4: This Schedule specifies irrigation intensity of regular foaming solution.
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Schedule 3. Parameters of water, foam AES of rooms whose height ranges from 10 m to 20 m
Height of protected area (m)
Fire risk groups
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4.1
Group 4.2
With water
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With foaming solution
With water
With foaming solution
With water
With foaming solution
With foaming solution
Minimum supply intensity (l/s.m2)
From 10 to 12
0,09
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0,09
0,26
0,13
0,33
0,17
0,20
Exceeding 12 to 14
0,1
0,14
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0,29
0,14
0,36
0,18
0,22
Exceeding 14 to 16
0,11
0,16
0,11
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0,16
0,39
0,2
0,25
Exceeding 16 to 18
0,12
0,17
0,12
0,34
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0,42
0,21
0,27
Exceeding 18 to 20
0,13
0,18
0,13
0,36
0,18
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0,23
0,30
Minimum flow rate (l/s)
From 10 to 12
12
35
25
70
35
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65
95
Exceeding 12 to 14
14
40
30
85
45
155
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115
Exceeding 14 to 16
17
50
35
95
50
180
90
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Exceeding 16 to 18
20
57
40
115
60
215
105
165
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24
65
50
130
65
240
120
195
Minimum calculated area (m2)
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66
132
132
198
238
Exceeding 12 to 14
72
144
144
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259
Exceeding 14 to 16
78
156
156
230
276
Exceeding 16 to 18
84
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168
252
303
Exceeding 18 to 20
90
180
180
270
325
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NOTE 2: Flow rate and intensity shall apply to water and foam irrigators with regular structure
NOTE 3: This Schedule specifies irrigation intensity of regular foaming solution.
NOTE 4: In case actual area (Stt) of area protected by water, foam AES is less than the minimum calculated area (S) of the Sprinkler, Sprinkler-Drencher AES under Schedule 3, actual flow rate can be reduced following K = Stt/S.
5.1.4 Maximum pressure of water and foam irrigators must not exceed 1 MPa unless otherwise regulated for specific protected entities or similar entities by technical documents.
5.1.5 Hydraulic calculation of water and foam Sprinkler and Drencher and Sprinkler-Drencher AES is elaborated under Appendix B.
5.1.6 When fire rooms where electrical equipment is not insulated is extinguished using water and foam, cut power source prior to spraying extinguishing agent at the fire.
Allow actuation of AES to extinguish fire of uninsulated electrical equipment when adopting specific solutions for similar entities under technical conditions approved by competent authorities.
5.1.7 AES other than Sprinkler must be fitted with manual actuation mechanisms that allow:
Remote actuation - from equipment installed at entrance of protected area and control station if necessary;
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5.1.8 Equipment that facilitates manual actuation must be protected from the risk of unintentional actuation and physical damage and must not be located where fire fuels are situated.
5.1.9 All Sprinkler irrigators in the same room must have the same actuation temperature and technical parameters. Water curtain Drencher irrigators may have parameters different from those of Sprinkler irrigators fitted in the same room as long as all technical parameters of Drencher irrigators fitted in the same room must be identical.
5.1.10 Irrigators must be fitted in accordance with Schedule 1 and accounting for technical parameters of irrigators (installation position, actuation temperature, irrigation intensity, characteristic curves, etc.) and requirements under technical documents of manufacturers.
5.1.11 The gap between irrigators and the highest point of fire fuels, technology equipment, or building structures must account for working pressure threshold and shape of the spray.
5.1.12 Prepare spare Sprinkler and Drencher irrigators in AES as follows:
- 3 Sprinkler spare irrigators for AES with up to 100 Sprinkler irrigators, 1 spare Drencher irrigator for AES with up to 100 Drencher irrigators;
- 10 spare Sprinkler irrigators for AES with up to 1000 Sprinkler irrigators, 2 spare Drencher irrigators for AES with up to 1000 Drencher irrigators;
- 15 spare Sprinkler irrigators for AES with more than 1000 Sprinkler irrigators, 3 spare Drencher irrigators for AES with more than 1000 Drencher irrigators;
For experimentation purposes, number of spare Sprinkler irrigators must not be lower than twice the number of irrigators per minimum calculated area under Schedule 1 for every area with different fire risk group of the structure.
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5.1.14 May fit shut-off valves ahead of flow switch if flow switch is used.
5.1.15 Shut-off valves fitted along pipelines supplying fire pumps, feeding pipelines, and distribution pipelines must allow visual inspection of their closed-opened status.
5.1.16 Situate positions within protected areas that allow drainage or treatment of overflown water and/or fire extinguishing agent during experimentation or operation of fire extinguishing system.
5.2.1 The selection of whether to install water, wet foam or dry foam extinguishing system must be made based on ambient temperature of protected area.
5.2.2 Irrigators are designed for rooms no taller than 20 m.
5.2.3 Each irrigation section of the system must not employ more than 800 irrigators. The number of irrigators per section of protected area may be increased to 1200 irrigators if flow switch is used for each section of protected area or if irrigators allow visual inspection of operation status.
5.2.4 Regarding irrigators fitted on air-filled pipelines, the response time of the system must not exceed 180 s.
5.2.5 If response time of the system, in case irrigators are fitted on air-filled pipelines, is greater than 180 s, accelerators or exhauster must be used.
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5.2.7 It must not take more than 1 hour to fill air-filled pipelines of Sprinkler system or Sprinkler-Drencher system with air until working pressure is reached.
5.2.8 Air compensators must be calculated in order to compensate for air leak that occurs from pipelines of air-filled Sprinkler system or Sprinkler-Drencher system at a rate 2-3 times slower than that of compressed air release when the dictating irrigator is actuated.
5.2.9 Regarding air-filled Sprinkler system, air compensators must be automatically shut when accelerators are actuated or when compressed air pressure in the pipelines is reduced below the minimum working pressure by 0,01 MPa.
5.2.10 Regarding flow switch which is designed to identify location of actuation, re-evaluation via delay signal is not required.
5.2.11 Regarding buildings whose roofs (ceiling) are placed in fire hazard category K0 or K1 and composing of structures that protrude more than 0,3 m or more than 0,2 m for other fire hazard categories, fit irrigators in spaces created by the protruding structures (girders, rafters, and other structures).
5.2.12 The clearance from the center of the thermal actuator component of an irrigator to the ceiling (roof) plane must range from 0,08 m to 0,30 m; in special cases, this clearance can be raised up to 0,40 m as a result of ceiling design (for example: protruding structures).
5.2.13 The clearance from the center of the thermal actuator component of a sidewall sprinkler to the ceiling must range from 0,07 m to 0,15 m.
5.2.14 The design of a distribution network consisting of pendent irrigators or concealed irrigators must be implemented in accordance with technical dossiers applied to the respective irrigators.
5.2.15 When installing fire extinguishing system in rooms where technology equipment, working platforms, horizontal or diagonal pipelines whose width or diameter exceeds 0,75 m and height is at 0,7 or higher from the floor are located, fit additional irrigators for these structures if these structures obstruct irrigation of protected surfaces.
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- Not exceed 1,5 m - if the roof is placed in fire risk category K0;
- Not exceed 1,5 m - for any other case.
5.2.17 Rely on ambient temperature of protected area to choose irrigators with suitable actuation temperature (Schedule 4).
Schedule 4. Nominal actuation temperature of irrigators based on ambient temperature
Maximum ambient temperature, oC
Nominal actuation temperature of irrigators, oC
Less than 39
57
From 39 to less than 50
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From 50 to less than 70
79 or 93
From 70 to less than 77
100
From 77 to less than 86
121
From 86 to less than 100
141
From 100 to less than 120
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From 120 to less than 140
182
From 140 to less than 162
204
From 162 to less than 185
227
From 185 to less than 200
240
5.2.18 Maximum ambient temperature in the vicinity of irrigators shall be at the highest value when:
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- The ambient temperature rises because of solar radiation.
5.2.19 Irrigators fitted in areas with minimum fire load density of 1400 MJ/m2 such as warehouses, rooms taller than 10 m, and rooms containing primary fire fuels such as flammable and combustible liquid must have response time index (RTI) lower than 50 (m.s)0,5 as specified under TCVN 6305-1.
5.2.20 Irrigators fitted on water-filled pipelines can be facing upwards or downwards or to the side; irrigators fitted on air-filled pipelines must be facing upwards or to the side.
5.2.21 Irrigators fitted in places where they can potentially be affected by a physical force must be protected in a manner that does not reduce irrigation intensity and shape.
5.2.22 The clearance between an irrigator and the wall (or partition) placed in fire risk category K0 or K1 must not exceed half of the distance between 2 irrigators specified under Schedule 1 or technical dossiers of manufacturers.
The clearance between an irrigator and the wall (or partition) placed in fire risk category K2, or K3, or other category must not exceed 1,2 m or the distance specified in technical dossiers of manufacturers.
Horizontal distance between 2 irrigators must not be lower than 1,5 m.
5.2.23 When using Sprinkler system in combination with indoors fire hydrants, pressure of the hydrants must not exceed 0,4 MPa; if the hydrant pressure exceeds 0,4 MPa, adopt solutions for depressurizing the hydrants.
5.2.24 A group of equipment of Sprinkler extinguishing system must have 2 feeder pipelines. If a system consists of 2 groups or more, the second feeder pipeline can be used with shut-off valve of the neighboring group. In this case, a manual valve must be fitted before the alarm valve, separation valves must be fitted in-between alarm valves, and the feeding pipeline must create a closed loop.
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5.3.1 General requirements
5.3.1.1 Automatic actuation of Drencher system must be done via signal sent from:
- Fire detectors of fire alarm system; or/and
- Sprinkler system; or/and
- Fusible links; or/and
- Sensors of technology equipment.
5.3.1.2 The clearance from the center of thermal actuator component of a Sprinkler irrigator on actuating pipeline to the ceiling plane must range from 0,08 m to 0,30 m; this clearance can be increased up to 0,40 m due to particular ceiling design (such as when there are protruding structures on the ceiling)
5.3.1.3 Diameter of actuating pipeline must be at least 15 mm.
5.3.1.4 Hydraulic calculations of distribution network of Drencher system and water curtain are elaborated under Appendix B.
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5.3.2.1 Multiple water curtains sharing the same function can be operated by one control unit.
5.3.2.2 Water curtain must able to be actuated both automatically and manually (remotely or locally).
5.3.2.3 Water curtain can be connected with feeding pipelines and distribution pipeline of Sprinkler system in order to irrigate doors and openings of technology assembly lines via an automatic or manual shut-off valve; the water curtain can be connected with distribution pipeline of Drencher system via an automatic shut-off valve.
5.3.2.4 If doors, walkways, and openings of protected technology assembly lines are as wide as 5 m, distribution pipeline of the water curtain shall form a strip. The width between water curtain irrigators on a strip shall be calculated so as to ensure 1 l/s of flow rate for every 1 m in length of the water curtain within width of protected areas.
5.3.2.5 If doors, walkways, and openings of protected technology assembly line exceeds 5 m and employs water curtain instead of fire separating elements, distribution pipelines of the water curtain shall form 2 strips where minimum flow rate of each strip must be 0,5 l/s for every 1 m in length, the distance between each strip ranges from 0,4 m to 0,6 m, and irrigators on both strips must be placed in triangular spacing. Irrigators located close to a wall must be no more than 0,5 m away from the wall.
5.3.2.6 If the water curtain is designed to raise fire-resistance rating of wall (fire separating element), use 2 strips situated on 2 sides of the walls and no further than 0,5 m from the wall; flow rate of each strip must not be lower than 0,5 l/s for every 1 m of length. The system must be designed in a way that the strip on the side with fire is the one actuated.
5.3.2.7 Do not situate fire fuels within 2 m on both sides of single strip water curtain and 2 m on each opposing side of each strip for double strip water curtain.
5.3.2.8 Locally actuated mechanism (either with fire alarm buttons or other buttons) must be positioned at protected areas or on the nearest egress route.
5.4 Sprinkler-Drencher extinguishing system
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- Wet Sprinkler-Drencher system;
- Dry Sprinkler-Drencher system;
5.4.2 Selection of appropriate Sprinkler - Drencher system must be made in order to reduce the damage caused by false alarm of AES:
- Wet Sprinkler-Drencher system shall be employed in areas that require immediate extinguishing and tolerate leak in case of damage or false actuation of irrigators (feeding pipelines and distribution pipelines shall be filled with water during standby and supplying water for protected area upon being simultaneously actuated by AES and the Sprinkler irrigators).
- Dry Sprinkler-Drencher (1) system shall be employed in areas that do not tolerate leak of extinguishing agent in case of damage or false actuation of irrigators (feeding pipelines and distribution pipelines are filled with compressed air during standby, filled with extinguishing agents only when automatic extinguishing signal is actuated, and spraying extinguishing agents in protected areas only when being simultaneously activated by automatic fire detectors and Sprinkler irrigators).
- Dry Sprinkler-Drencher (2) system shall be employed in areas that do not tolerate the presence of extinguishing agents in pipelines caused by false fire alarm of fire detectors or leak of extinguishing agents in case of damage or false actuation of irrigators (feeding pipelines and distribution pipelines are filled with compressed air during standby, supplying extinguishing agents in pipelines and spraying extinguishing agents in protected areas only when being simultaneously activated by automatic fire detectors and Sprinkler irrigators).
5.4.3 Irrigators of Sprinkler-Drencher system can be fitted facing upwards, downwards, or to the side when ambient temperature is at least 5 oC. Irrigators of the system can only be fitted facing upwards or to the side when ambient temperature is lower than 5 oC.
5.4.4 Calculation of hydraulics of pipelines of the Sprinkler-Drencher system shall be done following Appendix B.
5.4.5 When determining response time of the dry Sprinkler-Drencher (2) system, take into account the time needed for reducing pressure of compressed air in the pipeline (when irrigators are actuated) to working threshold of threshold switch.
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5.4.7 Regarding dry Sprinkler-Drencher system, air compensator shall cease to operate when receiving signal sent from automatic or manual fire detectors or irrigators.
5.4.8 Regarding Sprinkler-Drencher system, RTI and actuating temperature of automatic fire detectors must not exceed those of irrigators; other automatic fire detectors must be more sensitive than thermal actuator components of Sprinkler irrigators.
5.5.1 Pipes of AES can be made of metal, plastic, or combination of both in accordance with applicable regulations.
5.5.2 Metal pipelines placed above non-removable suspended ceilings, in enclosed areas, and in similar situations shall only be connected by welding.
5.5.3 Indoors and outdoors closed loop feeding pipelines must be separated by shut-off valves for repair purposes; no more than 3 control units are allowed in each part; do not account for the fact that closed loop pipelines are separated for repair purposes when calculating hydraulics of the pipelines; diameter of pipes in closed loop pipelines must not be smaller than that of pipelines feeding control units.
5.5.4 Do not connect industrial and hygiene equipment to feeding and distribution pipelines of AES.
5.5.5 Number of irrigators on each branch of distribution pipelines is not limited as long as the required intensity and flow rate are satisfied.
5.5.6 Tree and closed loop network of AES must be equipped with discharge or shut-off equipment with nominal diameter no smaller than 50 mm; if the diameter of these pipes is smaller than 50 mm, diameter of discharge or shut-off equipment must match nominal diameter of the pipes.
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5.5.8 Install the following:
- Exhauster valves at the highest points of water extinguishing pipeline network in order to release air in the pipelines;
- Valves fitted with pressure gauges to inspect pressure before dictating irrigators.
5.5.9 Do not fit shut-off valves on feeding and distribution pipelines except for cases under these standards.
5.5.10 Feeding and distribution pipelines of air-filled Sprinkler, Drencher, dry Sprinkler-Drencher must be installed in a way that residual extinguishing agents can be removed after every actuation and hydraulic test.
5.5.11 Feeding and distribution pipelines must incline towards control units or water drainage at a minimum slope of:
- 1% for pipelines with nominal diameter smaller than DN 50;
- 0,5% for pipelines with nominal diameter of least DN 50.
5.5.12 Adopt measures to prevent pressure in feeding and distribution pipelines from increasing by more than 1 MPa.
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5.5.14 Connection between pipelines and auxiliary hydraulic equipment must be airtight with pressure of Plv.max.
5.5.15 Color codes or indications of metal pipelines:
- Water-filled Sprinkler pipelines, Sprinkler-Drencher pipelines, and water-filled pipelines of hydrants - red and numbered “1”;
- Air pipelines of air-filled Sprinkler system and dry Sprinkler-Drencher - red and numbered “2”;
- Drencher pipelines and “dry pipes” - red and numbered “3”;
- Pipelines carrying foaming solutions - red and numbered “4”.
5.5.16 All automatic extinguishing pipelines must be numbered along the pipes.
5.5.17 The symbols showing direction of motion of fire extinguishing agents shall be white. Symbols and numbers must be shown on pipelines at the most important joints (inputs and outputs of fire pumps, inputs and outputs of feeding pipelines, branching pipelines, joints and shut-off devices where water is fed into the feeding pipelines and distribution pipelines, sections where pipelines go through walls, partitions, entrances of buildings, and other places where recognition of fire extinguishing pipelines is required).
5.5.18 The distance between pipelines and walls must not be less than 2 cm.
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5.5.20 Pipelines can be fitted to structures of technology devices as an exception. In this case, design load capacity of the technology devices must not be lower than twice the design capacity of the fitted pipelines.
5.5.21 Straps holding pipelines with nominal diameter no larger than DN 50 must be at most 4 m apart from one another. Straps holding pipelines with nominal diameter larger than DN 50 can increase the distance between straps to up to 6 m.
5.5.22 The distance from a strap to the last irrigators must be at most 0,9 m for distribution pipelines with nominal diameter of DN 25 or lower and at most 1,2 m for distribution pipelines with nominal diameter greater than DN 25.
5.5.23 Curved sections on distribution pipelines longer than 0.9 m must have additional straps with distance from the straps to irrigators on curved sections:
- Ranging from 0,15 - 0,20 m for pipelines with nominal diameter of DN 25 or lower;
- Ranging from 0,20 - 0,30 for pipelines with nominal diameter greater than DN 25.
5.5.24 When placing pipelines in gutters of building structures, the length of the pipeline segments situated in the gutters must not exceed 6 m without support.
5.5.25 Gaps between pipelines travelling through fire separating elements and the fire separating elements must be sealed. The sealing must be done by fireproof materials in order to guarantee fire-resistance rating of the fire separating elements.
5.5.26 Hydraulic loss along plastic or plastic-metal pipelines must conform to technical dossiers of manufacturers and take into account nominal diameter of plastic pipes determined by outer diameter.
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5.5.28 The distance from a strap to the last irrigator on a distribution pipeline, the maximum length of a curved pipe section, and the maximum distance from an irrigator located on a branch to the strap shall conform to parameters of manufacturers for plastic or plastic-metal pipes.
5.5.29 If multiple plastic or plastic-metal pipes having different diameters are installed together, the distance between straps must be the value applied to the pipes with the smallest diameter.
5.5.30 Plastic or plastic-metal pipes must be installed no less than 0,1 m beneath hot water pipes or heat-generating pipes if the plastic or plastic-metal pipes must be located close to hot water pipes or heat-generating pipes.
5.5.31 If plastic or plastic-metal pipes go through fire separating elements, ensure free vertical movement of the pipes by using fire-rated tubes or gutters with fire resistance rating no lower than that of the structure which they go through.
5.5.32 Metal pipes installed to protect energized equipment must be grounded.
5.6.1 Control units must be placed within the vicinity of pump stations or control stations or protected areas with minimum ambient temperature of 5 oC and allowing easy access for system maintenance purposes.
5.6.2 Control units located within protected areas must be separated by walls, partitions, ceilings with fire-resistance rating no less than EI 45 and fire-rated doors with fire-resistance rating no less than EI 30. Control units of each individual area can be placed in protective cabinets which only system maintenance personnel can access, in this case, protective cabinets can be placed in or close to protected areas without fire separation as long as the distance from the cabinets to areas where fire fuels are present are not under 2 m.
5.6.3 Control units situated outside of protected areas must be separated by protective glass or net.
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- Supply water (or foaming solutions) for extinguishing fire;
- Fill the feeding and distribution pipelines with water;
- Drain water from the feeding and distribution pipelines;
- Compensate for water leak within fire extinguishing system;
- Send a signal when the alarm valve is activated;
- Examine conditions and signals when control unit is activated;
- Gauge pressure before and after the control unit.
5.6.5 Maximum working pressure of equipment in the control unit must not be lower than the calculated value.
5.6.6 In order to limit false alarm of alarm valves in water-filled Sprinkler system, retard chambers can be fitted before pressure switches or a signal output delay can be set from 3 s to 5 s (if the system is design to set off alarm based on pressure).
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NOTE: The elimination of false activation of flow switches must be inspected during test operation of fire extinguishing system. Set the minimum delay initially and increase the delay as false activation occurs.
5.6.8 Shut-off valves in control units must be fitted:
- Before alarm valves in Sprinkler AES;
- Before and after alarm valves in Drencher and Sprinkler-Drencher system;
In water-filled and air-filled extinguishing systems, shut-off valves can be fitted after alarm valves as long as the closed-opened states of these valves are monitored and transmitted to monitoring rooms where at least a person is assigned to guard at all time.
5.6.9. In case electric motors (for electrically-actuated valves) or valve handles are located at a height that is at least 1,4 m away from the floor, working platform or steps must be installed so that the height from the electric motors or valve handles to the working platforms or steps does not exceed 1 m.
5.6.10 Hydraulic equipment and auxiliary equipment are allowed to be installed underneath the working platforms if the distance from the working platforms (or bridges) to the lowest point of protruding structures is not less than 1,8 m. In this case, mobile canopies or openings of the working platforms must be positioned on top of the equipment and auxiliary equipment.
5.6.11 Actuator of fire extinguishing system must be protected from unwanted actuation.
5.6.12 The installation of fire extinguishing system must allow dismantlement of measuring instrument without any interruption to operation of the system.
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5.7.1 Natural water sources, water tanks, or water pipelines used for different purposes can serve as water supply for fire extinguishing.
5.7.2 If pressure or flow rate of a water supply is not adequate according to the calculation, pump(s) must be installed to increase the pressure.
5.7.3 Regarding a water and/or foam AES, fire pumps (including pumps in a section according to the design), automatic and auxiliary water feeders can be employed to provide the necessary flow rate and pressure.
5.7.4 Regarding Sprinkler or Sprinkler-Drencher system, at least one of the following automatic water feeders must be used:
- One or multiple pressure tanks with total volume of 1 m3 or higher, containing water (0,5 ± 0,1) m3 and compressed gas;
- Air compensators equipped with pressure tanks having minimum volume of 40 liters;
- Water supply pipelines serving various purposes with pressure for operation of control units.
5.7.5 Auxiliary water feeders shall be used if it takes more than 30 s to start fire pumps automatically or manually.
5.7.6 Auxiliary water feeders and automatic water feeders must be turned off when fire pumps are activated.
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5.7.8 Automatic water feeders (air compensators) must be fitted with pressure gauges and pressure switches (or digital pressure gauges).
5.7.9 Auxiliary water feeders must be fitted with pressure gauges, visual and remote water level gauges, and safety valves.
5.7.10 In buildings taller than 30 m, auxiliary water feeders are recommended to be located on upper technical floors or on the top floor.
5.7.11 Water quantity of auxiliary water tanks is allowed to be included in the calculation of water quantity serving fire extinguishing system. If this is the case, a device must be fitted to prevent the water stored in these tanks from being used for other purposes.
5.7.12 When determining volume of fire extinguishing tanks, the amount of water fed into the tanks during extinguishing period can be accounted for.
5.7.13 At least 2 tanks for fire extinguishing are required with each tank containing 50% of the water for fire extinguishing; water fed to any location for extinguishing fire must be drawn from 2 adjacent tanks; water can be stored in a single tank when total volume does not exceed 1 000 m3.
5.7.14 Water tanks and reservoirs serving fire extinguishing must bear specific symbols and direction instructions
5.7.15 Pumps and air compensators must conform to requirements under technical dossiers of their manufacturers.
5.7.16 Air supplied to pipelines working at a temperature below 5 oC via air compensators must go through filter driers.
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5.7.18 Water supply sources for foam extinguishing equipment must carry water through pipelines that are not meant to serve domestic purposes; all requirements of technical dossiers on the employed foaming agents must be met. Pipelines that are meant to serve domestic activities can be used as long as a device preventing the infiltration of foaming solution into tap water is installed.
5.7.19 Regarding foam extinguishing equipment, reserve an additional 100% of foaming agent (excluding the calculated amount of foaming agent). The supply of backup foaming agent must be done through independent quantitative equipment.
5.7.20 When determining volume of foaming agent for extinguishing fire, include the amount of residual foaming agent in the pipelines.
5.7.21 In addition to necessary equipment similar to those in water AES, foam AES also requires:
- Equipment for carrying foaming agent to foaming agent tanks;
- Foaming agent tanks;
- Automatic quantitative equipment for foaming agent (when storing foaming agent separately);
- Equipment discharging foaming agent from tanks or foaming solution from pipelines;
- Equipment controlling amount of foaming agent in the tanks;
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- Equipment receiving foaming solutions from mobile extinguishing devices and ensuring maximum design flow rate and pressure in calculated areas (for the necessary pressure provided by fire engines).
5.7.22 Quantitative equipment of foaming agent (when storing foaming agent separately) allowed for use:
- Metering pump;
- Diaphragm quantitative equipment;
- Ejector quantitative equipment;
- Metering tank.
5.7.23 Each quantitative system must consist of 2 metering pumps (a primary pump and a backup pump) or a metering tank, a diaphragm or ejector quantitative equipment.
Amount of calculated and backup foam that can be stored in the same tank.
5.7.24 Situate equipment allowing drainage after each operation of water AES and a tank to collect overflown foaming agent after each operation of foam AES.
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5.8.1 The selection of type and number of fire pumps must be made so as to ensure that the pumps can satisfy maximum working pressure and flow rate of the system.
5.8.2 Any number of primary pumps can be employed depending on the flow rate needed. A minimum of 1 backup pump with maximum flow rate and pressure needed similar to those of the primary pump is required regardless of number of primary pumps. The backup pump will automatically start in case of emergency shutdown or damage of any primary pump.
5.8.3 Pumps that utilize electric motors must be grounded and protected from overloading and overheating. Protection against overloading and overheating shall only be provided for primary pumps. If overloading and overheating cause backup pumps to be used instead of primary pumps during fire extinguishing process, overloading protection is still not provided for backup generators.
5.8.4 Pumps utilizing internal combustion engines are allowed to be used as backup pumps.
5.8.5 Pump stations shall be positioned in detached houses or outdoors or in a separate room on the first storey or the topmost basement storey. Fire pumps are allowed to be positioned in other above-ground storeys of a building as long as the room that houses the pump has a doorway leading to buffer zone of emergency staircase through a corridor protected by class 1 fire separating elements.
5.8.6 Pump station areas must be separated from other areas with fire-rated walls and ceilings with fire-resistance rating of REI 45.
5.8.7 Ambient temperature in rooms that house pump stations must range from 5 oC to 40 oC.
5.8.8 Pump stations must have phones that connect with those in control stations.
5.8.9 A glowing sign that reads “trạm bơm chữa cháy” (pump station) must be installed at the entrance to the pump station and connected with emergency lighting.
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- 0,5 m for walkways between control units and between control units and walls;
- 0,7 m for walkways between pumps or electric motors;
- 1 m for walkways between pumps or electric motors to walls as long as the width of walkways on the side of electric motors is sufficient for rotor disassembly;
- 1,5 m for walkways between air compensators; 1 m for walkways between air compensators and walls;
- 0,7 m for walkways between fixed protruding structures of the equipment.
NOTE: If diameter of outlet of a pump is at most DN 100, permit:
- pumps to be installed close to the walls or on brackets;
- 2 pumps to be installed on the same foundation with a minimum distance of 0,2 m as long as walkways with minimum width of 0,7 m are situated around the foundation
5.8.11 In order to connect fire extinguishing system with mobile firefighting facilities, pump stations must situate pipelines with nominal diameter of DN 80 or greater if outdoors hydrants are located at a height of (1,35 ± 0,15) m with coupler diameter of DN 65. Pipelines must be able to satisfy the highest calculated flow rate of extinguishing system.
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5.8.13 When a fire pump is actuated, all pumps serving other purposes, powered by the same line that powers fire pumps, and not a part of the AES must be automatically deactivated.
5.8.14 Axis or immersion points of pumps must be identified when the suction inlet is installed below the reserve water level. To be specific:
- The reserve water level in a tank shall be the highest water level (from the bottom of the tank) needed for extinguishing fire;
- The reserve water level in a well shall be the groundwater level when the water retreats to its lowest level.
5.8.15 Rely on technical dossiers of specific pumps to identify location of fire pumps or immersion points of fire pumps at minimum water level.
5.8.16 If a pump station is located in the basement or semi-basement, the following anti-flooding measures are required for all equipment in case of incident with the largest pump, for all valves and pipelines:
- Placing electric motors of the pump at least 0,5 m from the floor;
- Draining water through sewer or ground surface in case of incident;
- Draining water through floor drain by using specialized pumps.
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5.8.18 If an internal combustion engine is present in a pump station, the fuel tank (250 l for gasoline, 500 l for diesel oil) can be separated from the pump station by fire separating element with fire-resistance rating lower than EI 120.
5.8.19 Anti-vibration devices for fire pumps are not mandatory.
5.8.20 Pumps and pump sections must be placed on foundation whose weight load must not be less than 4 times the load of pumps and pump sections.
5.8.21 Pump stations must have 2 drainage passages regardless of the number of pumps. Each drainage passage must be design so as to drain calculated water amount.
5.8.22 Valves must be fitted on all suction and pushing pipelines in order to allow replacement or repair of any pump, check valves, primary shut-off valves, and inspection of specifications of the pumps.
5.8.23 Suction pipelines must incline upward towards the pumps with a minimum slope of 0,05%. Positions where pipeline diameter changes must be fitted with eccentric reducers.
5.8.24 Pushing pipelines of each pump must be fitted with a check valve, a gate valve, and a pressure gauge; suction pipelines must be fitted with a gate valve and a pressure gauge. If positive pressure is not present in suction pipelines during operation of the pump, gate valves are not required.
5.8.25 If pipeline straps are installed, the straps must be positioned between the gate valves and check valves.
5.8.26 Shut-off valves (gate valves or butterfly valves installed along pipelines that feed extinguishing agents to tanks must be positioned within the vicinity of pump stations. These valves can be placed in areas where devices measuring water level of tanks are located.
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5.8.28 If a fire pump is automatically and remotely actuated, visual and audio warning signals for working status of the pump must be sent to the control station or location where a person is assigned to standby at all time.
5.8.29 In a pump station, pressure in pushing pipelines of each pump and level of flood (if pump station room is flooded up to the height of electric motor) must be measured.
5.8.30 Devices monitoring amount of extinguishing agent in tanks must be placed within the vicinity of the pump stations. When water in tanks is automatically refilled, it is allowed to only utilize automatic measuring instrument that sends signal to control station and pump station.
5.8.31 Fire pumps and control units must be painted red.
6 High expansion foam extinguishing system
6.1 General provisions
6.1.1 High expansion foam extinguishing system shall be utilized for total flooding extinguishing or local extinguishing of deep-seated, smoldering metal fire and liquid fire.
6.1.2 If total extinguishing of the entire protected area cannot be carried out, utilize extinguishing system with high foam expansion ratio to carry out local extinguishing.
6.2 Extinguishing system classification
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- Total flooding extinguishing system;
- Local extinguishing system.
6.2.2 Based on structure of fire extinguishing foam equipment, extinguishing system shall be classified into:
- Extinguishing system that utilizes foaming equipment collecting air from forceful sources;
- Extinguishing system that utilizes foam ejector.
6.3 Design
6.3.1. General requirements
6.3.1.1 Special foaming agents shall only be used for high expansion foam systems.
6.3.1.2 Total flooding extinguishing system must fill protected areas with fire extinguishing foam until the foam exceeds the highest point of equipment by at least 1 m within 10 minutes.
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6.3.1.4 Flow rate of foaming agents of the system and amount of foaming agents shall be determined on the basis of calculated volume of protected entities under Appendix C.
If the system is used in different areas with different flow rate requirements, the highest requirement shall be used.
6.3.1.5 When local extinguishing system is used, protected equipment must be separated using metal mesh whose aperture does not exceed 5 mm. The surrounding mesh must be 1 m taller than the protected equipment and 0,5 m away from the equipment.
6.3.1.6 Calculated volume of local extinguishing shall be determined by height limit of the equipment. It must not take more than 180 s to fill protected volume with foam in local extinguishing.
6.3.1.7 Filter must be installed on the feeding pipelines ahead of foaming equipment. The size of filter aperture must be smaller than the minimum diameter of the spray.
6.3.1.8 Only one foaming equipment shall be used for a room.
The number of foaming equipment can be determined via calculation without being lower than 2.
6.3.1.9 Protective measures must be adopted if foaming equipment is installed in areas where the equipment is prone to mechanical damage.
6.3.1.10 100% of foaming equipment calculated for backup must be reserved.
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6.3.2 Extinguishing system that utilizes foaming equipment collecting air from forceful sources
6.3.2.1 Foaming equipment must be positioned in pumps stations or directly in protected areas. If foaming equipment is positioned in pump stations, foam shall be transmitted to protected rooms from nozzles of foaming equipment or via special channels whose diameter must not be lower than that of foaming equipment and whose length does not exceed 10 m. If foaming equipment is positioned within protected areas, clean air sued for creating foam must be able to create foam in the environment where flammable materials are present.
6.3.2.2 Foam supply routes must satisfy fire hazard category K0.
6.3.2.3 Gas exhaust apparatuses must be installed on the topmost part of protected areas throughout foam discharge process.
6.3.2.4 If a protected room is larger than 400 m2, foam must be sprayed from 2 opposite sides of the room.
6.3.3 Extinguishing system that utilizes foam ejector
The equipment must be able to protect the entire room (total flooding extinguishing) and a part of the room or individual technology equipment (local extinguishing). In case of total flooding, foaming equipment must be positioned under the ceilings and distributed evenly depending on room area in order to fill the entire room with foam, including partitioned sections in the room. In the other case, foaming equipment must be positioned exactly above the protection sections of the room or technology equipment.
7 Control equipment and alarm devices
7.1 Requirements for control equipment
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a) automatically activate pumps (fire pumps and foaming agent metering pumps);
b) automatically activate backup pumps (fire pumps and foaming agent metering pumps) in case primary pumps cannot be activated or operate after a definite amount of time;
c) automatically activate electric valves;
d) automatically activate and shut down compensators;
e) activate and shut down pumps locally or remotely when necessary (except for Sprinkler system);
f) automatically or locally control equipment compensating for leak of extinguishing agents and compressed gas along pipelines and pressure tanks;
g) automatically supervise:
- Wires of electrical valves when the circuit is open;
- Wires connecting equipment of control units for actuating fire pumps and foaming agent metering pumps when the circuit is open and when short circuit occurs;
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7.1.2 Devices that shut and restore automatic actuation of the system must be placed in control stations or places where employees are assigned to stand by at all time.
If intrusion prevention system is installed, the devices mentioned above can be positioned at entrances to protected areas.
7.1.3 When installing total foam flooding system to protect areas potentially occupied by humans, devices that shift automatic actuation to manual actuation, emit light and audio signals regarding automatic actuation which can then be disabled at control stations must be installed.
7.1.4 The following equipment must be installed at pump stations:
- Equipment that disables and activates pumps locally (while still permitting activation and deactivation of fire pumps from control stations);
- Equipment that disables and activates air compensators locally.
7.2 General alarm requirements
7.2.1 Control stations or other positions that require 24/24 human supervision must be equipped with:
a) Visual and audio alarm:
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- Regarding system operation and identification of fire location.
NOTE: Short audio warning must be emitted for:
+ Deactivation of automatic actuation of pumps and the system;
+ System errors mentioned under 7.1.1, g), loss of primary and backup sources, not fully opened electric switch-off valves, electric circuit errors of electric valves, inadequate water level and air pressure (general signals);
+ Alarm for water level of water reservoirs, foaming agent tanks (general signals);
b) Visual signals regarding closed-opened statuses of electric valves installed along feeding pipelines.
7.2.2 Visual alarms must be sent to pumps stations for:
a) Status of primary power sources and backup sources;
b) Deactivation of automatic actuation of fire pumps, metering pumps;
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d) Errors of electric circuits;
e) Not fully opened electric valves when signals for opening valves are sent;
f) Water level warnings of extinguishing reserve tanks, level of foaming agents in tanks.
If electric valves are not installed in pump stations, signals mentioned under d) and e) of this Article must be emitted from where the electric valves are installed.
7.2.3 Alarms must be fitted inside and close to entrances to rooms protected by total foam flooding system. Rooms whose only exits lead to the protected rooms must also be equipped with alarms in a similar fashion. Visual warning must contrast with natural light and artificial light and must not be noticeable when deactivated.
A visual warning regarding deactivation of automation of the system must be present close to entrances of protected areas.
7.2.4 Tone and sound of audio fire alarm signals, incident alarms, and system actuation must be distinct.
8.1 Power source for AES must be a prioritized source and backup sources must be available. The primary fire pumps are allowed to only connect to this power source if backup pumps use internal combustion engines as long as other equipment of the system also has backup power sources.
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8.3 If AES is powered by backup power sources, non-priority loads of the building can be shut off when necessary.
Overheating protection equipment shall not be used in control circuits of AES if circuit interruption can prevent the extinguishing agents from reaching the fire.
9 Safety and grounding requirements
9.1 Electrical equipment in AES must be grounded.
9.2 The grounding of electrical equipment of fire extinguishing system must conform to requirements under regulations, standards, and technical dossiers of manufacturers.
NOTE: Electrical equipment of AES that is in the same system, located in different buildings or structures, and not grounded together shall be isolated.
9.3 Equipment that allows local actuation of AES must be protected from unwanted actuation and must be sealed (except for local actuation equipment installed in control stations).
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Classification of facilities by fire risk groups based on functions and fire load
Fire risk groups
List of typical facilities, industries, and technology assembly lines
1
- Office building, workplace;
- House: apartment building, tenement house, dorm;
- Education institution: preschool, kindergarten, primary education institution, lower secondary education institution, higher secondary education institution, multiple-level education institution, higher education institution, college, professional intermediate education institution, vocational education institution, service staff education institution, professional education institution, or other training center;
- Hospital, (general, specialized) clinic, medical station, maternity ward, sanitarium, intensive care ward, orthopaedic ward, nursing home, epidemic prevention and control facility, research and experimentation facility specialized in medical sector, medical center, and other medical facility;
- Recreational area, beauty center, massage venue;
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- Hotel, motel, guest house, inn;
- Museum, library, exhibition, gallery, bookstore, fair;
- Sports center;
- Airport and railway passenger terminal, coach stop, rest stop, vessel station, aerial tramway passenger waiting room.
2
Fire load of 181 - 1400 MJ/m2.
- Karaoke venue, dance club, bar, club;
- Theater, cinema, circus, convention center, event venue, cultural house;
- Market, shopping mall, supermarket, store;
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- Airport and railway cargo terminal, aircraft hangar, electric train and train roundhouse;
- Parking garage, motor vehicle, motorbike, moped, electric vehicle registration, repair, and maintenance building;
- Production room of wood processing industry;
- Production room of tobacco manufacturing industry, electronic appliance (television, computer, telephone, etc.), industrial refrigeration (air conditioner, fridge, etc.); communication and electronic part and component (electric circuit, IC, and equivalent); medicine and medical supply; battery and rechargeable battery.
- Production room where paining, impregnation, mixing, grease removal, preservation, represervation, cleaning of components by using flammable liquid and grease; wool, synthetic material, film manufacturing industry; textile industry, manufacturing industry involving rubber, facility placed in fire risk class C3;
- Production room of engine and agricultural machinery factory; agricultural tool and instrument factory; overhead lifting equipment manufacturing factory; construction machinery manufacturing factory; complete equipment manufacturing factory; traffic vehicle (motor vehicle, motorbike, vessel, etc.) manufacturing, assembly factory; electrical, mechanical equipment manufacturing factory for electronic, refrigeration industry; manufacturing factory of mechanical product serving other industries (auxiliary industries)
- Conveyor belt carrying flammable material;
- Rice husking and polishing room; agricultural product manufacturing, processing, or packaging room.
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- Paper pulp or paper manufacturing room; fiber manufacturing room; weaving, printing, dyeing (textile industry) room; textile product manufacturing room; leather and leather product manufacturing room; plastic product manufacturing room
4.1
Fire load of 1401 - 2200 MJ/m2.
Flammable natural and synthetic fiber manufacturing room, dyeing and drying room, exposed painting and drying area, paining, varnishing area, and adhesive manufacturing facility utilizing flammable liquid or combustible liquid
4.2
Fire load of 2200 MJ/m2 or higher
Machine room of gas compressor, recall, hydrogenation, extraction station, or other manufacturing facility utilizing flammable gas or other combustible liquid, facility placed in fire risk class C1
5
Storage of non-flammable material contained in combustible packaging. Storage of combustible material
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Storage of combustible material including rubber, plastic, etc.
7
Storage of varnishes, paint, flammable liquid, combustible liquid
NOTE 1: The groups are defined based on their functions. If equivalent facilities cannot be selected, identify fire hazard groups based on functions of rooms.
NOTE 2: The groups of facilities are defined based on fire load.
NOTE 3: Parameters of water, foam AES of storage in buildings and facilities placed in fire hazard group 1 shall be those of storage in buildings and facilities placed in fire hazard group 2.
NOTE 4: For fire hazard group 2, flow rate and intensity of water of foaming agent discharge must be higher than the standard values applicable to fire hazard group 2 under Schedule 1 and not lower than:
- 1,5 times when fire load exceeds 1400 MJ/m2;
- 2,5 times when fire load exceeds 2200 MJ/m2.
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B.1 Formula for calculating parameters of water, low expansion foam AES
B.1.1 Type of extinguishing agent (water or foaming solution) is selected based on type of fire.
B.1.2 Depending on fire hazard and spread of the fire, select Sprinkler or Drencher or Sprinkler-Drencher or a combination of the 3 systems.
NOTE: An irrigator, unless otherwise stated, shall be construed as water and foam irrigator in this Appendix.
B.1.3 Whether water-filled or air-filled Sprinkler system shall be selected based on working temperature of the system.
B.1.4 Nominal actuator temperature of irrigators shall be set based on ambient temperature around the irrigator installation area.
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B.1.6 Type of irrigators must be selected based on irrigation flow rate, intensity, irrigated area, structural solutions, and premise planning of protected area.
B.1.7 Flowchart of pipeline network and irrigator positioning which clarifies and identifies pipelines reaching protected areas must be illustrated in form of isometric graphs (without staying up to scale).
B.1.8 Area serving calculation of the system must be marked on the flowchart where the dictating irrigator is located.
B.1.9 In order to calculate hydraulics of fire extinguishing system:
- The required pressure of dictating irrigator is determined based on irrigation intensity, elevation of the irrigator relative to the pipeline and distance between irrigators.
- Diameter of pipe in different sections of the network must keep velocity of water and foaming solution from exceeding 10 m/s in the pipelines and 2,8 m/s in suction pipes; diameter of suction pipes is determined by calculating hydraulics relating to suction inlet of fire pumps in use;
- Flow rate of each irrigator in calculated area of the system (taking into account the fact that flow rate of irrigators installed along distribution network is proportionate to the distance to the dictating irrigator) and total flow rate of irrigators in calculated areas must be calculated.
- Inspect and calculate pipeline network of the system in case multiple irrigators are actuated when total irrigation flow rate and intensity in calculated area are not lower than the parameters in Schedules 1, 2, and 3 hereof. If the calculated results are lower than the values in Schedules 1, 2, and 3, repeat the calculation with a larger pipe diameter. Irrigation intensity and pressure of dictating irrigator must conform to the parameters in technical dossiers of manufacturers.
- Calculate for network of pipeline of Drencher system in case all irrigators in a section are actuated with intensity not lower than the parameters in Schedules 1, 2, and 3 hereof. Irrigation intensity and pressure of dictating irrigator must conform to the parameters in technical dossiers of manufacturers
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- Determine hydraulic loss of the pipeline network from the calculated area to fire pumps as well as any local loss within the pipeline network (including losses in control units).
- Calculate primary parameters of pumps (pressure and intensity) which take into account pressure at suction inlet;
- Select types of pumps based on the calculated flow rate and pressure.
B.2 Calculation of distribution pipeline network
B.2.1 Irrigators on distribution pipelines of an extinguishing system are usually arranged symmetrically, asymmetrically, in symmetrical loop or asymmetrical loop (Figure B.1)
Figure B.1 - Distribution network of Sprinkler or Drencher extinguishing system
A - Symmetrical network; B - Asymmetrical network; C - Symmetrical loop network; D - Asymmetrical loop network; I, II, III - rows of distribution pipelines; a, b, ..., n, m - joint segments
B.2.2 Flow rate of water (foaming solution) passing through dictating irrigator in a calculated area shall be determined using the following formula:
...
...
...
In which:
q1 - flow rate of fire extinguishing agent passing through irrigator, l/s;
K - efficiency factor of irrigators according to technical dossiers, l/(s.MPa0,5);
P - pressure at irrigators, MPa.
B.2.3 Flow rate of the first irrigator is the calculated flow rate of Q1-2 in a pipe section of L1-2 between the first and the second irrigators (Figure 1, part A).
B.2.4 Diameter of pipelines in the segment L1-2 is determined using the formula:
In which:
d1-2 - diameter of pipe between the first and the second irrigators, mm;
...
...
...
μ - flow factor (equals 1 for laminar flow);
v - water velocity, m/s (no higher than 10 m/s).
B.2.5 P1-2 loss in the L1-2 segment is determined using the formula:
In which:
KT - hydraulic characteristics of the pipelines, l6/s2;
A - resistance of pipelines, depending on diameter and roughness of the pipe s2/l6
B.2.6 Resistance and hydraulic characteristics of pipelines for pipes with different diameter (made from carbonates) are specified under Schedules B.1 and B.2.
Schedule B.1 Resistance in different roughness of the pipe
...
...
...
Resistance A, s2/l6
Nominal diameter DN
Calculated value, mm
Highest roughness
Moderate roughness
Lowest roughness
20
20,25
1,643
...
...
...
0,98
25
26
0,4367
0,306
0,261
32
34,75
0,09386
...
...
...
0,059
40
40
0,04453
0,0312
0,0277
50
52
0,01108
...
...
...
0,00698
70
67
0,002893
0,00202
0,00187
80
79,5
0,001168
...
...
...
0,000755
100
105
0,0002674
0,000187
-
125
130
0,00008623
...
...
...
-
150
155
0,00003395
0,0000238
-
Schedule B.2 - Hydraulic characteristics of pipelines
Type of pipes
Nominal diameter DN
...
...
...
Thickness, mm
Hydraulic characteristics of KT pipe, x 10-6 l6/s2
Arc-welded steel pipe
15
18
2,0
0,0755
20
25
...
...
...
0,75
25
32
2,2
3,44
32
40
2,2
13,97
...
...
...
45
2,2
28,7
50
57
2,5
110
65
76
...
...
...
572
80
89
2,8
1429
100
108
2,8
4322
...
...
...
108
3,0
4231
100
114
2,8
5872
100
114*
...
...
...
5757
125
133
3,2
13530
125
133*
3,5*
13190
...
...
...
140
3,2
18070
150
152
3,2
28690
150
159
...
...
...
36920
150
159*
4,0*
34880
200
219*
4,0*
209900
...
...
...
273*
4,0*
711300
300
325*
4,0*
1856000
350
377*
...
...
...
4062000
Steel pipe carrying air and water
15
21,3
2,5
0,18
20
26,8
2,5
...
...
...
25
33,5
2,8
3,65
32
42,3
2,8
16,5
40
...
...
...
3,0
34,5
50
60
3,0
135
65
75,5
3,2
...
...
...
80
88,5
3,5
1262
90
101
3,5
2725
100
...
...
...
4,0
5205
125
140
4,0
16940
150
165
4,0
...
...
...
NOTE: Pipes whose parameters marked with an “*” are used for external water supply networks.
B.2.7 Resistance of plastic pipes shall conform to the parameters of manufacturers, however, do note that unlike steel pipes, diameter of plastic pipes shall be the outer diameter.
B.2.8 Pressure at the second irrigator:
P2 = P1 + P1-2
B.2.9 Flow rate at the second irrigator:
B.2.10 Calculation of symmetrical tree network
B.2.10.1 In case of a symmetrical arrangement (Figure B.1, Part A), the calculated flow rate of the pipe segment between the second irrigator and point a is:
Q2-a = q1 + q2
...
...
...
B.2.10.3
B.2.10.4 Pressure at point a will be:
Pa = P2 + P2-a
B.2.10.5 Regarding the left branch of row I (Figure B.1, Part A), flow rate Q2-a must be guaranteed using pressure Pa. The right branch corresponds to the left branch, thus flow rate of this side shall also equal Q2-a and thus pressure at point a shall equal Pa
B.2.10.6 The flow rate result, for row I with Pa pressure, is:
Ql = 2Q2-a
B.2.10.2 Diameter of an a-b pipe segment shall follow the design or be determined using the following formula:
...
...
...
B.2.10.8 Hydraulic characteristics of rows with similar structures are determined by general characteristics of the calculated pipe segment.
B.2.10.9 General characteristics of row I are determined using the following formula:
Bpl= Q2l/Pa
B.2.10.10 Loss during a-b segment in symmetrical and asymmetrical graphs (Figure B.1, Part A and B) is determined using the following formula:
B.2.10.11 Pressure of Point b is
Pb = Pa+Pa-b
B.2.10.12 Flow rate of water from row II is determined using the following formula:
...
...
...
B.2.11 Calculation of asymmetrical tree network
B.2.11.1 The right side of Part B (Figure B.1) is asymmetrical compared to the left side, thus, the left side shall be calculated separately with Pa and Q3-a
B.2.11.2 If the right side 3-a (one irrigator) is separate from the left side 1-a (2 irrigators), pressure P’a on the right side must be smaller than pressure Pa on the left side.
B.2.11.3 Since a location can never more than 1 values at any given time, use the greater pressure value Pa to determine the adjusted flow rate of the right side Q3-a:
B.2.11.4 Total flow rate from row I:
Ql = Q2-a+Q3-a
B.2.12 Calculation of symmetrical and asymmetrical loop network
Calculation for symmetrical and asymmetrical loop network (Figure B.1, Part C and Part D) shall be done in the same manner as calculation for tree network with 50% of the water for every half loop.
...
...
...
B.3.1 Calculation for Sprinkler AES under the conditions:
QH ≤ QC
In which:
QH - Necessary flow rate of the system according to Schedules 1, 2, and 3 hereof;
QC - Actual flow rate of the system.
B.3.2 Number of irrigators needed to ensure necessary flow rate of the system with intensity not smaller than standards (taking into account characteristics of protected areas) must be:
n ≥ S/Ω
In which:
n - minimum number of irrigators needed to ensure necessary flow rate with intensity not smaller than standards;
...
...
...
Ω - calculated areas protected by one irrigator by design:
Ω = L2
L - distance between irrigators.
B.3.3 Diameter of individual parts of distribution pipelines can be selected based on the number of irrigators installed on the pipelines. Schedule B.3 illustrates the relationship between the diameter of distribution pipelines, pressure, and number of irrigators installed.
Schedule B.3 - Approximate relationship between popular diameter of distribution pipelines, pressure, and number of Sprinkler or Drencher irrigators installed
Diameter of the pipes, DN
20
25
32
...
...
...
50
70
80
100
125
150
Number of irrigators with at least 0,5 MPa in pressure
1
3
...
...
...
9
18
28
46
80
150
More than 150
Number of irrigators with up to 0,5 MPa in pressure
-
...
...
...
3
5
10
20
36
75
140
More than 140
B.3.4 Since pressure of each irrigator is different (with pressure of the dictating irrigator being the lowest), take into account flow rate of each irrigator in the total n irrigators.
...
...
...
B.3.6 Total flow rate necessary of Drencher AES shall be calculated by summing up flow rate of irrigators in protected areas:
In which:
Qd - Calculated flow rate of the system, l/s;
qn - Flow rate at the nth irrigator, l/s;
n - number of irrigators in protected areas
B.3.7 Flow rate QCCTĐ of the Sprinkler AES combining with water curtain:
QCCTĐ = Qs + Qd
In which:
...
...
...
Qd - Flow rate of water curtain
B.3.8 Combined fire extinguishing pipelines (indoor hydrant system and AES) can be placed in the same pump section as long flow rate of the pump section equals total flow rates of indoor hydrant system and AES:
Q = QCCTĐ + QTN
Where QCCTĐ and QTN are flow rates of AES and indoor hydrant system respectively.
B.3.9 Necessary pressure of a fire pump composes of:
In which:
PB - necessary pressure of the fire pump, MPa;
PDĐ1 - loss along horizontal distance of the pipeline, MPa;
...
...
...
PCB1 - local loss, MPa;
PCB2 - local loss of control units (alarm valves, gate valves), MPa;
PĐP - pressure at irrigator, MPa;
Z - pressure caused by difference in height of irrigators and shaft of the fire pump), MPa; Z = H/100
PH - pressure at inlet of fire pump, MPa
B.3.10 From point n (Figure B.1, Part A and Part B) or from point m (Figure B.1, Part C and Part D) to the fire pump (other water supply equipment), the loss of pressure shall be calculated along the length of pipelines taking into account of local losses, including losses in control equipment (signal valves, valves).
B.3.11 Loss of pressure in the feeding pipelines shall be determined by calculating total loss of pressure of each pipe segment using the following formula:
In which:
...
...
...
Q - flow rate of extinguishing agent, l/s
KT - hydraulic characteristics of pipe segment Li, l6/s2
A - resistance of pipe segment Li, depending on diameter and roughness of the pipe s2/l6
B.3.12 Local loss at control units of the system PCB2, m, is determined using the following formula:
- For Sprinkler:
- For Drencher:
In which:
...
...
...
γ - mass density of water, kg/m3;
Q - Calculated water flow rate travelling through control units, m3/h.
B.3.13 In an approximate calculation, local loss (including loss that occurs in the control units) is presumed to equal 20% of losses that occur along pipeline network; local loss is not required to be calculated when concentration of foaming solution is as high as 10% if foam AES is used.
B.3.14 The calculation shall be done so that pressure at the control unit does not exceed 1 MPa, unless otherwise regulated according to technical parameters.
B.3.15 With respect to groups of protected areas (Appendix A), calculate extinguishing duration according to Schedule 1.
B.3.16 Working time of indoor hydrant system combining with AES must equal the working time of AES.
...
...
...
C.1 Determine calculated volume V (m3) of the protected areas or volume of local irrigation. Calculated volume of a room shall be determined by floor area and height of the room when the room is filled with foam minus volume of waterproof fire-rated structures of the building (pillar, girder, foundation, etc.).
C.2 Given the type and brand of selected high-expansion foam generator, their efficiency shall be determined based on foaming solution q, l/min.
C.3 Calculate number of high-expansion foam generator using the following formula:
(D.1)
In which:
K - expansion factor of foam (use technical parameters of foaming equipment);
τ - the highest amount of time needed for total submergence of protected areas, min;
a - foam breakdown factor.
...
...
...
a = a1 a2 a3
(D.2)
In which:
a1 - foam shrinkage factor, equals 1,2 for rooms as tall as 4 m and 1,5 for rooms as tall as 10; rooms taller than 10 m shall have their shrinkage factor determined via experimentation.
a2 - foam leakage factor, equal 1,2 if the room has no opening, otherwise determine via experimentation;
a3 - factor of impact of burning smoke, gas on foam breakdown, equal 1,5 for products of hydrocarbon fire, for products of other fire, determined via experimentation.
The highest amount of time needed for total submergence of protected areas must not exceed 10 min.
C.4 Determine necessary flow rate of foaming solution of the system, m3/s
...
...
...
C.6 Amount of calculated foaming solution, m3:
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
[2] QCVN 06:2021: Fire safety for buildings and structures.
[3] TCVN 5738:2021: Fire prevention and firefighting - Automatic fire alarm - Technical requirements.
[4] TCVN 6305-2:2007 (ISO 6182-2:2005): Fire prevention and firefighting - Automatic Sprinkler system - Part 2: Requirements and testing methods for wet alarm valves, retard chambers, and water alarm bells.
[5] TCVN 6305-3:2007 (ISO 6182-3:2005): Fire prevention and firefighting - Automatic Sprinkler system - Part 3: Requirements and testing methods for valves on air-filled pipelines.
...
...
...
[7] TCVN 6305-5:2009 (ISO 6182-5:2006): Fire prevention and firefighting - Automatic Sprinkler system - Part 5: Requirements and testing methods for deluge valves.
[8] TCVN 6305-10:2013 (ISO 6182-10:2006): Fire prevention and firefighting - Automatic Sprinkler system - Part 5: Requirements and testing methods for indoors Sprinklers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
1 Scope of regulation
2 Reference documents
3 Terms and interpretation
4 General provisions
...
...
...
6 High expansion foam extinguishing system
7 Control units of AES
8 Power supply for AES
9 Safety and grounding requirements
Appendix A - Classification of facilities by fire risk groups based on functions and fire load
Appendix B - Methods of calculating parameters of surface fire extinguishing system for extinguishing agent of water or low expansion foam
Appendix C - Methods of calculating parameters of high expansion foam extinguishing system
